Essay on Discuss Hamlet as a Revenge Tragedy - 1023 Words

2011 Discuss Hamlet as a revenge tragedy Revenge has caused the downfall of many a person. Its consuming nature causes one to act recklessly through anger rather than reason. Revenge is an emotion easily rationalized; one turn deserves another. However, this is a very dangerous theory to live by. Throughout Hamlet, revenge is a dominant theme. Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet all seek to avenge the deaths of their fathers. But in so doing, all three rely more on emotion than thought, and take a very big gamble, a gamble which eventually leads to the downfall and death of all but one of them. King Fortinbras was slain by King Hamlet in a sword battle. This entitled King Hamlet to the land that was possessed by Fortinbras because it was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Hamlet, thou art slain†¦The treacherous instrument is in thy, unbated and envenomed†¦ Hamlet does indeed die as a result of wounds inflicted by Laertes, but it is the poisoned tipped sword that causes the demise of Laertes as well. King Hamlet rule d Denmark and was the father of Hamlet. He had been slain by Claudius, his brother, who had since laid claim to the throne. While Hamlet mourned, he encountered the ghost of his father, who made him aware that his death had in fact been murder, and the guilt lay squarely on the shoulders of Denmark’s new King. The serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. Astonished, Hamlet swore vengeance for his father’s death. His efforts to prove his uncle’s guilt are hindered by his indecisiveness until he finally kills Claudius, while he himself is dying of poisoned wounds caused him by Laertes in their duel. The point envenomed too! Then venom, to thy work†¦Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, drink off this potion,-is thy union here? Follow my mother. This left the Claudius dead, and King Hamlet’s death avenged, but at a grave cost to Hamlet. It is the lack of thought used in exacting their revenge which led to the deaths of both Laertes and Hamlet. The plan Laertes devised with Claudius to kill Hamlet with the poisoned tipped sword would have been successful, had they thought that the sword might be used against them, and pannedShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Supernatural Elements in Shakespeares Hamlet and Kyds the Spanish Tragedy1181 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the usage and effects that the supernatural elements have in both Kyds `The Spanish Tragedy and Shakespeares Hamlet. Ghosts or supernatural beings feature both in The Spanish Tragedy, written by Thomas Kyd, in 1587, and in Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, in 1601. Ghosts and the supernatural `remind the characters and the audience of the constraints the past places on the present, and also the obligations the living bear to the departed . There were many superstitions surroundingRead More The Tragic Hero of Hamlet Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragic Hero of Hamlet    Shakespeares play, Hamlet illustrates the tragedy of a young princes pursuit to obtain revenge for a corrupt act, the murder of his father.  Ã‚   As the exposition unfolds, we find Prince Hamlet struggling with internal conflict over who and what was behind his fathers death.   His struggle continues as he awaits the mystic appearance of a ghost who is reported to resemble his father.   Suddenly it appears, proclaiming, Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing / ToRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1427 Words   |  6 PagesWhy has Hamlet’s rage led him to a death that was destined to happen? Simple, his absolute motive was to seek revenge for the death of his father, who was once the King of Denmark. In this tragedy, Hamlet wanted to put on this image of an insane man. This would mislead the people around him from his intentions of killing King Claudius, who is strangely his uncle and â€Å"father† simultaneously. Claudius takes the throne for Denmark after pouring poison down King Hamlet’s ear without leaving any evidenceRead MoreThe Superego and Hamlet Essays1435 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalysis: Tragic Alternatives: Eros and Superego Revenge in Hamlet, the author, Joanna Montgomery Byles, focuses on the psychological origins of revenge in Hamlet. Also the concept of the superego, both individual and cultural are brought up; and the importance of understanding the dynamics of aggressive destruction in Shakespeare’s tragedies involving revenge. The Freudian superego is usually thought of as heir to the Oedipus complex. In Hamlet himself, hate and destructiveness are consuming passions;Read MoreHamlet Feature Article1087 Words   |  5 PagesWrite a review of Hamlet based on a viewing, whereby you ponder the question of the texts enduring relevance. A news feature based on the play where having seen the play, you analyse why the play remains relevant to modern audiences. In itself becomes a text of tex tual integrity. How do people value it? Discuss some aspects that you would argue to allow the text to view it as something engaging and valuable. Hamlet Through Time Hamlet. Not just your typical revenge tragedy, but something deeperRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Spanish Tragedy 2479 Words   |  10 PagesThomas Kyd’s ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ follows the traditional techniques we typically assume will be in a revenge tragedy, and how Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ follows these conventions as well as how Hamlet sometimes challenges the typical conventions of revenge tragedy plays and pushes them. I will also discuss the notion of revenge, as well as discuss how the two plays use the conventions of the genre to promote different ways of thinking about the ethics of revenge. Revenge tragedy was a popular genre ofRead MoreEssay on Irony in Hamlet1749 Words   |  7 PagesIrony in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will discuss the issue of irony in Hamlet by dealing with the problems that arise as a result of Hamlets attempt to avenge his fathers death. One of the central problems is the clash between Hamlets overpowering need to believe in the ghost of his father, who is the authoritative figure in his life, and the awareness that he lacks empirical knowledge of the truth. In trying to achieve this knowledge, Hamlet sets out on a mixed mission of accusation,Read More Themes of Love and Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThemes of Love and Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Love is one of the most powerful themes in Hamlet, but a superior force - REVENGE, drives Hamlets love. Revenge of his fathers murder. Hamlet is confused and melancholic over the fact that his mother married his own uncle and so quickly after his fathers death. Even though he does not immediately suspect foul play in his fathers untimely death, he is in a state of shock. As Kenneth Muir states, He (Hamlet) is profoundly shocked by GertrudesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Tragic Hero1251 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies. Hamlet himself is commonly known as a tragic hero in the play. He knows he possesses the flaw of indecision but cannot overcome it, and this is a weakness that eventually causes his downfall. Therefore, this paper will discuss his own fate by examining some of his characteristics. Different people have their own understanding towards Hamlet. As a tragic hero, some think he is young, brave and thoughtful; some think he is conscientious, becauseRead MoreThe Ghost Is a Useful Dramatic Device; Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Elizabethan period, a ghost was seen as a common feature in most tragedy plays. Shakespeares Hamlet is a prime example of the use of a `ghost to entice fear and apprehension amongst the Elizabethan audience. The ghost can be seen as projecting several functions throughout the play, all of which are vital to the plays ultimate impact. An Elizabethan audience were highly superstitious, held Roman Catholic beliefs of purgatory and were extremely fearful of afterlife and the uncertainty

A Interview On Adolescent Interview - 908 Words

Running head: ADOLESCENT INTERVIEW 12 minorities than he did heterosexual relationships. Perhaps, his parents strongly stress abstinence and other types of relationships are not mentioned. Still, K had no definitive answer for question# 34, even though if halfheartedly remarked that it was against God’s laws, th en he quickly added, ―No comment.â€â€" K seems most comfortable when talking about his relationships with his peers. There also seems to be no forcible sexual incidents in his life and he claims that he has not been sexually initiated. When ask when he would tell his parents that he was a sexual minority, Kalieb quickly replied, ―Immediately after I turned Gay,â€â€" which indicates that Kalieb respects his parents very much and would never keep such an important secret from their knowledge. The media has some control over Kalieb, but he is on the internet and reads books much more than he watches television. Does this mean that network media is losing ground to video on demand and the Internet? It would appear so, but the scope of this paper does not lend itself to that premise. K ’s self-efficacy shows inconsistency. On one hand he, seems very motivated to do well in school; while, on the other, he exhibits a lackadaisical attitude when he is asked how is his work ethic academically, he answers on question# 27 that he is about 50% motivated to be successful, but he will step up his game when he gets in high school. I got the impression that he is not veryShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Interview Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Interview Teenage years can be a challenging time for many individuals. Beginning at the age of 11 through 20, adolescence is defined as a â€Å"transitional period in the human life span, linking childhood and adulthood† (Santrock 2009). At this point, the person is no longer a child, but not yet an adult. This makes it a very critical and sensitive time frame for identity formation. According to Erik Erikson, adolescence is marked by the child’s questioning his or her identity duringRead MoreAdolescent Interview Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Maria Alvarez TUES-THURS 10:30-11:50AM May 8, 2014 Adolescent Interview When picking my adolescent I had quite a few choices to pick from but I decided on my adolescent 15 year old sister since I know a lot about her and have seen first-hand how she is coping with this adolescent stage. Patricia is a normal 15 year old girl still in high school. She lives in a household of 7 with 3 older siblings and one younger one. She mentioned that she lived in a small home with three dogs, two fish, aRead MoreAdolescent Interview ( Age 20 )1813 Words   |  8 Pages Elderly Interview NURS 3260 Gerontological Nursing Concept TSU Division of Nursing November 25, 2012 Ms. Betty Wilson  Adolescent Interview (age 20) 1. Do you think age is a good indicator of how old someone is? Please explain your answer. -No, I don’t believe that age is a good indicator of how old someone is. Age is not a good indicator of how old someone is because not everyone acts their age. I have come in contact with a lot of people that are older than me yet act immature and youngerRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Mental Health Disorders1335 Words   |  6 PagesStates is growing exponentially. According to the Center for Disease Control (2015), one out of five adolescents are diagnosed with a mental health disorder and 15 million children are estimated with a mental health diagnosis. Having resources available to this population from the advanced schools of psychology is vital to maintaining healthy interventions for our future children and adolescents. Furthermore, it’s imperative to review not only the diagnosis of the children experiencing mental healthRead MoreLack Of A Child Or Adolescent For Severe Cp1161 Words   |  5 Pagesspectrum of antisocial and aggressive behavior that range from yel ling and temper tantrums to more serious acts such as stealing (McMahon, 2005). In regards to the research that was obtained in this article, the main objective when assessing a child or adolescent for severe CP is to carefully measure the total number of CP, the different types of CP, and the severity of the CP. It’s vital that the degree to which the child is impaired as a result of the existing CP be assessed as well (McMahon, 2005). AssessingRead MoreTheories About Perfectionism And Suicidal Ideation, And Its Dimensions On Depressed Adolescent Patients1334 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigated the theory about perfectionism and suicidal ideation, and its dimensions on depressed adolescent patients. According to this article, we could say that researchers used for this study correlational method, which comprises sample data based on five independent variables such as perfectionism, stress, daily hassles, hopelessness, and suicide potential. The sample data consisted of 55 adolescents, who completed the procedures which have been associated with some indices of life stress,Read MoreNursing1311 Words   |  6 PagesDashiff, Riley, Abdullatif amp; Moreland (2011) goal in this article was to describe the experiences of parents of 16 to 18 years old adolescent with type 1 diabetes Mellitus (TIDM). Information gained from this research can be use to develop education program that will help parents with TIDM adolescent self-management efforts. In support of the research, a thorough discussion of the difficulty parents have in letting go when their children reaches the age to take over the management of theirRead MoreEffects Of Parental Divorce On Adolescents1273 Words   |  6 Pages Adolescent Adjustment and Well-being: Effects of Parental Divorce and Distress The purpose of this study is to try and explore the long term effects on psychological adjustments experienced by adolescents as a result of parental divorce and the extent they are accounted for by parental psychological distress. The key objectives of this study include 1) the school problems associated with parental divorce on adolescents. 2) Symptoms, which will most probably be evident in suchRead MoreEssay on Preventing Addiction1567 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction, addict, addicted, and addicting, are all words that are socially frowned upon. Yet adolescent addiction is on the rise, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, prescription drug use in particular is on the rise. On the other hand, use of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and hallucinogens have decreased, but marijuana use has remained the same. Most addiction starts at the adolescent age when teens are trying to find themselves, and find relief from the social problems they encounterRead MoreAdo lescent Depression : A Qualitative Study1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe persistent link for the article that was read this week: Looking back at adolescent depression: A qualitative study. The persistent link is http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/198689594?accountid=27965. The Doi was not provided in the article. As some of us may know, depression is reflected as a mental health condition that can lead individuals to attempt/commit suicide against their life. In addition, depression is a disorder that causes individual to feel despondent, and

Notes On The Global Financial Crisis - 1614 Words

w how transactions in derivative instruments can be used to either hedge risks or to open speculative positions. 1. Introduction The latest global financial crisis, starting from the United States since 2007, has pushed the financial derivatives to be a hot spot. The publics usually believe that the inappropriate application of derivatives should be to blame for this, which is totally wrong. It is apparent that there is no single financial crisis resulting from only a kind of financial product. Whatever the instrument is, including credit derivatives and basic derivatives, they are only the conducting tools holding by the real culprits. The ultimate cause of this financial crisis is the imbalance of the global economy, or in other words,†¦show more content†¦Unlike a spot contract, it does not exercise immediately after writing. This kind of derivatives is traded in the over-the-counter market. After entering into contract, time passes by, price of the underlying asset may change, interest rate may change, so the market price of the forward contract most likely will change. The market price of the for ward contract is therefore variable, but the contract s delivery price is always the same. As to a forwards, both parties have an obligation to execute the contract at the maturity and since forwards does not require any outlay to enter, the total payoff from the contract is exactly equal to the total profit or loss of the investor from the contract. Most holders of forwards are usually hedgers who is facing potential risks. Since that, they want to use the forwards contracts to avoid the adverse price movements in the future and offset the risk exposure as much as possible. However, speculators are willing to take some risks in the markets for potential equivalent return. Usually, they use derivatives to bet on the future direction of movements in the price and mostly, their counter-party is hedger, due to their exactly different expectations of price movements. Say a shareholder is worrying about the stock price falling so he can conduct a short hedge to avoid unexpected movements of price with aShow MoreRelatedNotes on the Global Financial Crisis829 Words   |  3 Pages1. The global financial crisis did not reduce my income, but I think that if I did see reduced income, I would either cut back on discretionary purchases or I would buy cheaper brands. Certainly with things that I have to buy, like food or toiletries, cheaper brands are usually purchased. This contrasts with products that are completely discretionary, where my consumption might be severely curtailed or cut back entirely. The reason for this is simple. 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Islamic and conventional Banking principles. The structure of Islamic Banking in UAE GCC Countries Islamic Banks operating in the UAE GCC Countries Central Bank Federal Law II. The financial crisis in the UAE GCC Countries. Causes of the financial crisis. Effects of the financial crisis. Banking Sector beforeRead MoreThe Financial Crisis And The G20 Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The collapse of the financial market in the United States created an accelerated momentum that pushed the global economy towards a detrimental downward spiral during 2008. In response to the crisis, the world’s top economies created the G20 leaders’ forum in order to manage the financial downturn. Although the crisis was somewhat managed by the G20, the Great Recession left the world with a weak and stagnate global economy. The rise of secular stagnation was a viable threat following

HIH Insurance Limited Inherent Risk Assessments

Question: Discuss about the HIH Insurance Limited for Inherent Risk Assessments. Answer: Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessments How HIH business risk would be assessed Each organization comprises of numerous different risk components while conducting its day-to-day operations. Therefore, in this case, risks within HIH has not been evaluated and recognized properly by its management; hence, resulting to a net loss of around 5.3 billion and then to collapse of the company. With these considerations, HIH business risk could be assessed in terms of the local, global as well as it control environment. This could also be assessed by understanding the overall insurance sector and then understanding how the HIH fits in this sector. To be more specific, HIH business risk would be assess through operational and financial risks. To start with, financial risk linked with those risks arising from HIH financial operations, financial consequences and transaction of its operations should in this case be assess (Clarke, Dean and Oliver, 2003). Therefore, by assessing all these risks, it would assist HIH to be aware and relatively alert with its financial position, issues as well as it debt. This would have in turn assisted it in evading risk of having too much debt obligations as compared to its total return. On the other hand, in assessing HIH risks, it would be advisable to assess its operational risks. These are the risks arising from its internal activities or operations. In this case, it would be advisable to assess several classes of risk like legal risk, fraud, environment as well as physical risk of this organization. This would have assisted in detecting probable issues and errors resulting from such risks. Thus, by assessing operational risks of HIH; that is, how it operates as well as how it conducts it s normal procedures, it could be easier for the firm to detect probable issues and errors; hence, the firm could have improved and expanded (The HIH Royal Commission 2003). In conclusion, it is very significant for the risks to be assessed, managed and recognized properly such that controls are executed in order to evade and reduce probable risks that might arise. In fact, HIH could not have collapsed in case it risks were assessed and managed appropriately and on time. Thus, business risk of the HIH were extensive as it risks were not identified and managed properly. Inherent Risk Aspects Effecting HIH Auditors should determine risks while working with their clients. One of the most important risks that they should be alert about should be inherent risk. One of the main aspects that could influence or affect inherent risk is management level of integrity. Given that HIH management lack integrity by presenting erroneous financial report, there is a probability for reputation to the business community. Another factor affecting inherent risk in HIH are unusual pressure on it management (Von Wielligh 2004). Basically, there were some incentives that led the management to misstate HIH financial report which include poor operating results, cash inflow problems, as well as poor liquidity. Change in competitive and economic condition in Australia was also another factor affecting inherent risk in the HIH at financial reporting level. These factors resulted in some increase in inherent risks assessment of the company. The Likelihood Being Liable Clients The partnership might be held liable to client if there is evidence that shows insufficient planning relating to goodwill alongside with deferred acquisition costs as well as income tax benefits. In case the clients were hiring former auditors, this would have some influence on independence of the external auditor since the former auditor could be holding higher partnership on auditing team which could hold higher influence to current auditors as a result of their authority. In fact there is a close relationship between existing and former auditors since they are capable of handling issues with the partners and influence they hold. Creditors For the creditors, the partnership could be held liable to the creditors in this case since it is clear that creditors incurred loss as a result of the partnership performance. In essence, the partnership is liable to the creditors since there is prove that they breached due of due professional care due to approval of misleading financial report which included audit report. Basically, as per the facts and finding in Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen Co. (1985) case, the partnership was fully aware of the reliance on financial statements of the organization by creditors. Therefore, they are fully liable for negligence to creditors. Conditions for the negligence action to be upheld Negligence is the cause of action where the plaintiff might assert civil tort against the defendant. For a negligence case to be upheld the plaintiff should definitely prove following conditions; first, s/he should prove that there was some duties on part of the defendant in conforming to a specific standard of conduct. Secondly, the plaintiff should prove that s/he has suffered some damages (Kimmel et al. 2006). Hence, even if the plaintiff proves that the defendant acted negligently, s/he might not collect the damages in case there was no evidence that s/he suffered any injuries. For a negligence to be upheld there should be prove that the defendant breached his or her duty that s/he owes to a plaintiff. The defendant might breach such duty through failure to exercise some reasonable care to fulfil his duty. Ethics Main Reason Why Hih Would Hire Previous Members Of An External Audit Team HIH would be willing to hire the previous participants of an external audit team since these members are relatively conversant with it; hence, would be easier for these members to carry out their audit of HIH financial statements. Furthermore, HIH might be willing to hire previous members of the audit teams since these members have some experience with several of the financial matters; hence, would take them lesser time to understand the financial statements as compared to new members. In essence, since these members could have been auditing the firm financial statement for some time, they understand clearly how the firm works as well as what could be done in order to improve its internal audit department. Furthermore, the firm could hire of the previous members of the external audit team since the teams could provide it with some insight of what the auditors are looking for and in case the personnel wanted to commit some frauds or erroneous act they could gain some insight and learn how better how to high such activities (Moroney, Campell and Hamilton 2011). Generally, this firm could be interested in hiring previous external auditor due to their know-how. For example in case the audit member has worked on specific engagement in HIH for numerous years, this member might understand more regarding operations of audited firm as compared to anyone else. In this case, there might be no other reason or agenda. Nonetheless, in case it consistently hires from its external audit teams, it would be unclear about the overall integrity of the company (Tahir, Idris and Ariffin 2014). Advantages Of Having Same Organization Offering Both Consulting And Auditing Services Hiring of the same organization providing both consulting and auditing services could be advantageous. This is because a higher level of effectiveness would be gained by same organization offering both services since the company could leverage auditors deep understanding of it customer and it information system in offering extra or additional services. In addition, having same organization offering both consulting and auditing services could assist the company establish weaknesses during audit work and same could assist in closing this view (Tahir, Idris and Ariffin 2014). Evaluation OfWhether These Circumstances Would Result In Violation Of Ethical Standards Hiring the same organization to provide both consulting and auditing services would result to violation of the ethical standards. This is based on the fact that the act could impair independence of the company in conducting their auditing work (Clout, Chapple and Gandhi 2013). Furthermore, such circumstance would represent violation of auditing ethical standards since it would impair the firms objectivity. This would in turn influence the companys auditing opinion; hence, their auditing responsibility might be compromised. Generally, this circumstance could represent violation of ethical standard since the firm could ignore observation made during their auditing work and could fail to conform to their audit opinion since the firm is still offering consulting services which could in turn be a better proof of the firms weakness in its consulting services. Recommendations The main recommendations in this case is enrichment of independence. The second recommendation was strengthening of the financial reporting framework (Barret 2003). This is aimed at promotion of vibrant and strong economy as well as provision of a framework which assist business easily adapts to change. Furthermore, there was recommendation to enhance continuous disclosure provisions which apply to the listed firms. There is also recommendation to look for some civil consequences in case of contraventions of constant revelation by disclosing or auditing firms (Kleinman and Palmon 2001). Basically, there is a recommendation that CFO of an organization signs statutory declaration that an organizations financial information are materially complete and faithful and that they comply with relevant acts. CLERP 9 and Ramsay Report also recommended that auditors should report to the ASIC any endeavour to coerce, mislead, influence or manipulate the auditors (Ladakis 2005). Another important r ecommendation for the auditors is to ensure that their duties are provided in a manner that ensures that financial services are provided honestly, fairly and efficiently. The CLERP 9 recommends that audit work is conducted competently and professionally, with full regard provided to shareholders interests, independence needs as well as professional ethics. The act also recommends regular rotation of the audit partners (Islam, Karim and van Zijl 2005). Furthermore, there is a recommendation for introduction of some statutory cap on the professional liability where auditors are put liable for exercising their duties unethically. These recommendations would have significant impact on practice of auditing since it would help in amending the annual audit report for the listed firms to reveal respecting auditing requirements. In addition, such recommendation enhances substantial improvement in the auditing practice in that they would enhance consistency of the financial reports (Clout, Chapple and Gandhi 2013). For instance, the recommendation to seek civil penalties would make auditing firms more careful while auditing the financial statements; hence, reduced probability of presenting misleading reports or information in regard to an organizations financial performance. Further, such recommendations would help in improving on auditing independence; hence, an improvement on auditing services or works (Chapple and Koh 2007). For instance, regular rotation of the audit partners would enhance independence of the auditing firm since there would be no continuity of knowledge. These recommendations would also improve on auditing work in that there would be reduced case of unethical practices during auditing. References Barret, P 2003, Governance and Auditing in a Changing Environment in the Public Sector, Speech Charted Secretaries Australia, 4. Chapple, LJ and Koh, B 2007, Regulatory responses to auditor independence dilemmaswho takes the stronger line?, Australian Journal of Corporate Law, 21(1), 1-21. Clarke F, Dean G and Oliver K 2003, Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure, Revised Edition, Cambridge University Press. Clout, J, Chapple, L and Gandhi, N 2013, The impact of auditor independence regulations on established and emerging firms, Accounting Research Journal, 26(2), 88-108. Islam, A, Karim, AK and van Zijl, T 2005, Auditor independence and NAS: A comparative analysis of selected current regulatory frameworks. Kimmel, PD, Carlon, S, Loftus, J, Mladenovic, R, Kieso, DE and Weygandt, JJ 2006, Accounting Buidling Business Skills 2nd edition. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Kleinman, G and Palmon, D 2001, Understanding Auditor-client Relations: a multi faceted analysis, Wiener, Princeton. Ladakis, E 2005, The auditor as gatekeeper for the investing public: Auditor independence and the CLERP reforms-a comparative analysis, Company and Securities Law Journal, 23(7), 416. Moroney, R, Campell, F and Hamilton, J 2011, Auditing A Practical Approach. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Tahir, FA, Idris, KM and Ariffin, ZZ 2014, Dimensions of Auditor Independence: A Pilot Study, International Journal of Business and Management, 9(6), 72. The HIH Royal Commission 2003, The failure of HIH: a critical assessment, in The Failure of HIH Insurance, Volume 1: A corporate collapse and its lessons, April, Commonwealth of Australia. Unger, D 2002, Contract Audits: Contingent Fees and Confidentiality. J. St. Tax'n, 21, 76. Von Wielligh, SP 2004, High inherent risk elements in financial statements of listed South African long-term insurers, Meditari: Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 12(1), 195-217.